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The Liberal Movement (LM) was a South Australian political party in the 1970s. Stemming from discontent within the ranks of the Liberal and Country League (LCL), it was organised in 1972 by former premier Steele Hall as an internal group in response to a perceived resistance to sought reform within its parent. A year later, when tensions heightened between the LCL's conservative wing and the LM, it was established in its own right as a progressive liberal party. When still part of the league, it had eleven state parliamentarians. On its own, it was reduced to three parliamentarians − Hall and Robin Millhouse in the lower house and Martin Cameron in the upper house. At the 1974 federal election Hall won a Senate seat and was replaced by David Boundy. At the 1975 state election, Millhouse and Boundy retained their seats, while John Carnie won a second seat and Cameron retained his seat in the upper house, bringing the party to a peak of five parliamentarians. In the federal election of 1974, it succeeded in having Hall elected to the Australian Senate with a primary vote of 10 per cent in South Australia. It built upon this in the 1975 state election, gaining almost a fifth of the total vote and an additional member. However, the non-Labor parties narrowly failed to dislodge the incumbent Dunstan Labor government. That result, together with internal weaknesses, led in 1976 to the LM's being re-absorbed into the LCL, which by then had become the South Australian division of the Liberal Party of Australia. The non-Labor forces again failed in 1977 but succeeded in winning government for one term at the 1979 election. A segment of the LM, led by former state attorney-general Robin Millhouse, did not rejoin the Liberals, but instead formed a new party—the New LM. This party, combined with the Australia Party—under the invited leadership of Don Chipp—formed the nucleus of the Australian Democrats which aspired to a balance of power in the federal Senate and up to four state upper houses for three decades. The LM and its successor parties gave voice to what is termed "small-l liberalism" in Australia. ==Party system== Before parties became established in the Australian colonies in the later 19th century, all members of the colonial parliaments were independents, occasionally labelled as "liberal" or "conservative", amongst other terms.〔Jaensch (1986), p. 179〕 With the advent of Labor, these groups combined to form anti-Labor parties.〔Jaensch (1986), pp. 180–190〕 "Liberal", in the Australian context, refers to what could be described as classical liberalism, and is distant from the modern meaning that the word has acquired in the United States and some other countries.〔Parkin, Summers and Woodward (2006), pp. 1–15, 207–209〕 As a train of thought, Australian liberalism has been less rooted in any defined ideology and more in pragmatism and opposition to Labor. Liberalism in Australia represents the centre-right of the political spectrum, while Labor represents the centre-left.〔Parkin, Summers and Woodward (2006), pp. 207–226〕 The first Labor party in South Australia was the United Labor Party in 1891, born out of a trade union association that recommended and supported trade unionist candidates.〔Jaensch (1986), pp. 180–181〕 In response, the National Defence League (NDL) was born two years later.〔Jaensch (1986), pp. 181–182〕 In 1909, the NDL combined with the Liberal and Democratic Union and the Farmers and Producers Political Union to form the Liberal Union, later known as the Liberal Federation.〔Jaensch (1986), pp. 226–228〕 The ULP morphed into the Australian Labor Party in 1910, and has been known by this name ever since. A Country Party subsequently emerged, representing rural interests,〔Jaensch (1986), pp. 384–386〕 but this was assimilated back into the conservative side of politics with the formation of the Liberal and Country League (LCL) in 1932.〔Jaensch (1986), p. 382〕 The South Australian party system has not deviated from this two-party divide, and all other parties gained negligible representation or influence,〔Jaensch (1986), pp. 497–498〕 until the emergence of smaller parties such as the Australian Democrats in the late 20th century, and the Australian Greens and Family First Party in the 21st century.〔Tilby Stock (1997), pp. 194–202〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liberal Movement (Australia)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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